mandragora officinarum การใช้

• Throughout history mandrakes ( " Mandragora officinarum " ) have been highly sought after for their reputed aphrodisiac properties.
• They said that further study was needed to compare the ranges of variation of this species and their concept of " Mandragora officinarum ".
• Since the late 1990s, three main circumscriptions of " Mandragora officinarum " have been used and all three will be found in current sources.
• Earlier, a different circumscription was used, in which " Mandragora officinarum " referred only to plants found in northern Italy and part of the coast of former Yugoslavia, most Mediterranean mandrakes being placed in " Mandragora autumnalis ".
• However, the so-called " mandrakes " used in this way are not always species of " Mandragora " let alone " Mandragora officinarum "; for example, " Bryonia alba ", the English mandrake, is explicitly mentioned in some sources.
• Two studies which separate plants found in the Levant ( " Mandragora autumnalis " ) from those found in the rest of the Mediterranean area ( " Mandragora officinarum " ) suggest that there are two clades in the genus : one based in the Mediterranean and beyond to Turkmenistan and Iran, and one in the Sino-Himalayan region.
• Clinical reports of the effects of consumption of " Mandragora officinarum " ( as " Mandragora autumnalis " ) include severe symptoms similar to those of atropine poisoning, including blurred vision, dilation of the pupils ( mydriasis ), dryness of the mouth, difficulty in urinating, dizziness, headache, vomiting, blushing and a rapid heart rate ( tachycardia ).
• For those authors who regard " Mandragora autumnalis " as the main species found around the Mediterranean, it has flowers varying in colour but typically violet or purple, long, and berries that are yellow or orange and egg-shaped, while the much less widespread " Mandragora officinarum " has somewhat smaller flowers, greenish-white in colour, and berries that are yellow and globe-shaped.